Immunohistochemistry

Vimentin

Expressed in:
  1. All primitive cells and cells during regeneration
  2. Many different mesenchymal cell types:
    3. fibroblasts, endothelial cells
  3. Certain mesoderm derived cells:
    4. mesothelium, ovarian granulosa cells, kidney (Bowman capsule), endometrium, surface epithelium of the ovary, myoepithelial cells (breast, salivary, sweat glands), thyroid gland epithelium.
  4. lympho-haemopoietic system:
    5. lymphocytes, macrophages.
  5. Certain neural crest derived cells:
    6. melanocytes, glial cells.
Expression in tumors:
  1. Mesenchymal tumors (almost always positive):
      Sarcomas (fibrosarcoma, lamignt fibrous histiocytoma, angiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma)
      Lymphomas
      Malignant melanoma
      Schwannoma
  2. Mesoderm derived carcinoma (usually positive):
      Renal cell carcinoma
      Adrenal cortical carcinoma
      Endometrial adenocarcinoma
      Ovarian adenocarcinoma

S100

Expressed in:
    Many cells of mesodermal, neuroectodermal and epithelial origin. Can be found in the cell membranes, cytoplasm and nuclei.
Tumor expression:
  1. 90% of cases in:
    2. Astocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, schwannoma, Langerhans cells histiocytosis, xanthogranuloma, chordoma, most benign and malignant lipomatous tumours.
  2. 50-90% of cases in:
    3. Primitive neuroectodermal tumours (neuroblastoma), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, clear cell sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, benign and malignant chondroid tumours, sweat gland carcinoma, serous and endometrioid cystadenoma and carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma, and acute monoblastic/monocytic leukaemia.
  3. 10-50% of cases in:
    4. Granulosa cell tumour, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours, alveolar soft part sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, vascular tumours, gastrointestinal stromal tumour, meningioma, adenocarcinomas of breast and gastrointestinal tract, carcinoids and other neuroendocrine tumours, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
  4. Rarely/Never express S100:
    5. adenocarcinomas of the alimentary tract, lung, and prostate, transitional cell carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, fibromatosis, fibrohistiocytic tumours, smooth muscle tumours, malignant lymphomas and germinal cell tumours.

CD45

Expressed in:
    exclusively on cells of hematopoietic lineage except for mature red blood cells.
Tumor expression:
  1. 90% of malignant lymphomas and nearly all mast cell neoplasms, true histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm (except fibroblastic variants)
  2. Lower for precursor B-cell neoplasm (80% of B-ALL) and large cell anaplastic lymphomas
  3. 10% of plasmacytic neoplasms

CDX2

Expressed in:
    Homeobox gene, essential to intestinal organogenesis.
    CDX2 is expressed uniformely in epthelial cells of the intestins, from duodenum to rectum.
    In the pancreas and biliary tract it is found in some ductal cells.
    In the stomach and esophagus, you will only find CDX2 in metaplastic cells of intestinal type.
Tumor expression:
  1. In 95% of cases: colorectal cancers, except low differentiated tumors.
  2. Most often positive (but not as prominant staining):
      gastric and small intestinal adenocarcinoma
      pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma
      sinonasal adenocarcinoma
      ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma (particularly of teratomatous origin)
      ampullary adenocarcinoma
      bladder adenocarcinoma
      mucinous urothelial-type carcinoma of prostatic urethra
      urachal mucinous carcinoma
      intestinal type cervical adenocarcinoma
      pseudomyxoma peritonei
  3. 10-20% stain heterogenously:
      adenocarcinomas of pancreatic duct
      extrahepatic biliary tract
      stomach and esophagus, pulmonary adenocarcinoma
      endometrioid adenocarcinomas (endometrium and ovary)
      non-intestinal type cervical adenocarcinoma
  4. Mostly positive: neuroendocrine carcinomas and GI-carcinoids derived from the midgut.
  5. Occasionally positive: Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.

TTF1

Expressed in:
      Thyroid transcription factor-1 which interacts with DNA.
        Thyroid: follicular epithelial cells, parafollicular C-cells
        Parathyroid
        Pituitary gland
Tumor expression:
  1. Tyroid tumors of follicular derivation (most anaplastic is negative)
  2. 60-85% of lung adenocarcinomas

PAX8

Expressed in:
      organogenesis and development of the placenta, urogenital tract, thyroid and inner ear.
Tumor expression:
  1. Positive in:
      2. Thyroid carcinoma:Almost always positive in follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mostly always in anaplastic carcinoma. (Medullary thyroid carcinoma is negative).
  2. Mostly always positive in a few cases:
      3. Renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma
      Thymic tumours
  3. Negative:
      4. Lung adenocarcinoma
      Breast adenocarcinoma
  4. Can be positive:
      5. Lung squamous cell carcinoma
      GI adenocarcinoma
      Uterine cervical neoplasia
      Seminoma
      Malignant mesothelioma

CD117

Expressed in:
      Mast cells
      Melanocytes
      interstitial cells of Cajal
      Epithelial cells of breast, sweat glands, salivary glands, renal tubular cells, thyroid follicular cells.
      Testicular interstitial cells
      Ovarian interstitial cells
      Neurons of the CNS; cerebellum, hippocampus, dorsal horn of the spinal cord
      Immature myeloid cells
      Trophoblastic cells
      Fetal endothelial cells
      fetal basal cells of the skin
Tumor expression:
  1. >90% of cases:
      GIST
      Mast cell neoplasms
      Malignant melanoma (but later lost in metastases)
      Seminoma/dysgerminoma
      Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
      Endometrial carcinoma
      Follicular and papillary thyroid carcinoma
      Merkel cell carcinoma
      Cylindroma
      Malignant glioma
      Angiomyolipoma
  2. 50-90%
      Lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
      Pancreas adenocarcinoma
      Hepatocellular carcinoma
      Esophagus squamous cell carcinoma
      Transitiocellular carcinoma
      Endodermal sinus tumour
      Neuroblastoma
      Osteogenic sarcoma
      Fibromatosis
      Wilms tumour
      Epithelioid sarcoma
  3. 10-50%
      Breast adenocarcinoma
      Salivary gland adenocarcinoma
      Ovary adenocarcinoma
      Colorectal adenocarcinoma
      Prostate adenocarcinoma
      Small cell carcinoma
      Embryonal carcinoma
      Malignant mesothelioma
      Ewing sarcoma
      Synovial sarcoma
      Chondrosarcoma
      Angiosarcoma
      Kaposi sarcoma
      Malignant phyllodes tumour
      Perineurioma
      Acute myeloid leukemia
      Subtypes of malignant lymphomas

WT

Expressed in:
      Ovarian surface epithelium
      Fallopian tube epithelium
      Mesothelium
      Stromal cells of the female genital tract
      Testicular non-germinal cells
      Kidney podocytes
      CD34+ bone marrow stem cells
Tumor expression:
  1. Almost always positive:
      Ovarian serous carcinoma
      Peritoneal serous carcinoma
      Ovarian transitional carcinoma
  2. Most often positive:
      Malignant mesothelioma
      Sex cord-stromal tumours
      Desmoplastic small round cell tumour
  3. 50%:
      Ovarian endometrioid carcinoma (grade 2 & 3)
      Wilms tumour (nuclear staining)
  4. Few cases have been positive:
      Ovarian clear cell carcinoma
      Uterine papillary serous carcinoma
      Uterine endometrioid carcinoma
      Renal cell carcinoma (chromophobic and papillary)
      Breast carcinoma
      Lung carcinoma
      Pancreaticobiliary carcinoma

Source and for more information: https://www.nordiqc.org/index.php